Frontline Dispatches – April 2020 Vol. II, No. 4

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North & South America

6.5 million acres protected in Canada. The Nature Conservancy has announced that after a multi-decade effort, the Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation has signed a historic agreement with the government of the Northwest Territories and Parks Canada to establish Thaidene Nëné, “Land of the Ancestors,” a huge (2.6 million ha) protected area that includes Canada’s newest national park. The new reserve is equal to the combined size of Grand Canyon, Yellowstone, Glacier, Redwood, Zion, Arches, Shenandoah, Everglades and Acadia US national parks and contributes directly to Target 1, Canada’s goal to conserve 17% of the nation’s terrestrial and freshwater areas by the end of 2020.

Polar bears “will endure” despite climate change, according to Stanley Adjuk of the Kivalliq Wildlife Board, of Nunavut, Canada, who told the Nunavut News on Feb. 22 that the bears “can adapt to anything.” His statements came after a Norwegian conservationist expressed concern that, on top of climate change, selective hunting of the bears “for size and fur quality” posed an existential threat to the species.

Feral hogs have arrived in western and central Canada. On April 3, National Geographic reported that wild hogs crossbred from domestic pigs and escaped European wild boar are now causing agricultural and environmental havoc from British Columbia to Manitoba and beyond, just as they do throughout much of the US.

Alberta finds that local people are the key to grizzly bear restoration. A new study reported last month in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution suggests that heeding local perspectives, fears and frustrations may be the key to increasing community support for controversial conservation projects, thereby improving their success. [See also “Modern-Day Grizzly Bear Reality” in the April issue of Conservation Frontlines.]

Wild Harvest Initiative unites harvesters of all kinds. The Wild Harvest Initiative is the first scientific program to assess and communicate the scale, value and relevance of recreationally harvested wild meat and fish in North America. The website offers information and updates and hosts a blog for hunters, anglers, wild-mushroom foragers, medicinal-plant gathers and more—for photos, videos, stories, recipes and ideas related to natural harvests. As the harvest of wild foods is another reason to protect wild lands, the National Wildlife Federation has entered into a partnership with the Wild Harvest Initiative.

Louisiana black bears will be de-listed from ESA. A district court has upheld the removal of the Louisiana black bear from federal protection. Plaintiffs sued the US Fish and Wildlife Service over the 2016 delisting, but Safari Club International successfully defended the USFWS’s science-based decision. The bears are one of 16 subspecies of the American black bear and the only one to be listed as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, in 1992, when their habitat was found to have declined by more than 80%.

US Interior Dept. decision to allow imports of elephant & lion trophies from Zimbabwe will be challenged by the Center for Biological Diversity at a hearing scheduled for April 22 at the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

Otter, fisher, beaver and bobcat have been re-established in Pennsylvania. Thanks to reintroduction programs and modern management, these and other fur-bearing species have returned to that point that the Pennsylvania Game Commission is considering expanded hunting and trapping seasons, reported the Harrisburg Bradford Era on Feb. 27.

Dogs may sniff out chronic wasting disease. The Pennsylvania Patriot-News reported on Feb. 25 that the Univ. of Pennsylvania will receive funding from the state’s dept. of agriculture to explore the potential for working dogs to detect chronic wasting disease in deer feces. CWD, a little-understood fatal brain disease, was first found in Pennsylvania deer in 2012.

Missouri deer hunters donated 348,535 pounds of venison to the state’s Share the Harvest program, coordinated by the Missouri Dept. of Conservation and the Conservation Federation of Missouri. According to a Feb. 24 Ozark Radio News story, the meat is delivered to local food banks in ready-to-use packages; and since the program began, in 1992, it has provided more than 4.3 million pounds (1.95 million kg) of venison.

Staten Island is NYC’s “ground zero” for unwanted wildlife, according to a March 6 New York Times story. “Urban pests” such as whitetail deer and wild turkeys eat garden plants, damage woodlands and cause traffic accidents, and feral cats have become more and more abundant as well. Some residents and state officials are open to a limited cull, but the city is looking into a sterilization program.

Fewer hunters but more support. Per a March 5 report in the Minneapolis (MN) StarTribune, support for some non-profit hunting-and-habitat groups in the US is up although hunter numbers have declined by about 5 million since their 1982 peak of 16.7 million. Ducks Unlimited membership has grown 2.3% in eight years and the National Wild Turkey Federation, Pheasants Forever and Quail Forever have seen similar trends. The value of such groups to habitat conservation is impossible to calculate—providing benefits for bees, butterflies, drinking water, floodwater retention, species conservation and much more. [Ed. note: Communicating these societal benefits is more important than ever for hunting organizations.]

No surprise: Americans polarize as pro-wolf or anti-wolf. While heated public debates over wolf restoration and hunting typically reflect personal values, a March 6 Outdoor Life article points out some basic facts that the two camps should agree on: “Wolves are neither demons nor gods,” but their presence is a matter of habitat preservation and access—critically important to hunting and non-hunting conservationists.

Baiting for black bears in grizzly country is especially problematic because bait attracts grizzlies too, and smaller sow grizzlies may be shot mistakenly. A March 5 Mountain Journal article notes that the controversial practice not only violates tenets of fair chase, it also runs counter to safe food-storage guidelines in grizzly country.

Wyoming plans highway overpasses for migrating wildlife. A Washington Post story on March 18 notes that Rte. I-80 across Wyoming, which blocks the ancient north-south movement of deer, elk and pronghorn antelope, now averages one vehicle every 10 seconds. In response, Wyoming officials and scientists want to build bridges, tunnels and other structures to allow the animals to safely cross the four lanes of high-speed traffic.

Do you eat bear meat? Ask hunters about bear meat and you will likely get a number of wildly different responses, from “it’s inedible” and “it isn’t safe to eat” to “it’s the best meat out there.” Hunting-gear maker Sitka published chef and hunter Coonor Gabbott’s take on the subject.

Interior Secretary Bernhardt to disburse nearly $1 billion, generated in 2019 through taxes on hunting, shooting and fishing equipment and boat fuel, to all 50 states and US territories. In an April 3 story in North Dakota’s Grand Forks Herald, Aurelia Skipwith, director of the USFWS, said, “These grants are the epitome of the great things that can happen when industry, hunters and anglers and state and federal governments work together.”

Guanacos are critically endangered in Bolivia and Paraguay. Perhaps 220 remain in both countries, where they are threatened by habitat loss and poaching. A Feb. 26 Mongabay.com article details efforts to conserve the species in the vast Gran Chaco region.

White-lipped peccary range in Mexico and Central America has shrunk by as much as 90%, suggests a new study in ScienceDirect. “It’s shocking . . . how fast this population is declining compared to the last assessment,” Harald Beck, chair of the IUCN Peccary Specialist Group, told The New York Times on Feb. 19.

Monarch butterfly populations wintering in Mexico are down by more than half this year. A survey reported on Mongabay.com on March 20 found that during the 2019-20 winter the butterflies occupied just seven acres (2.8 ha) of forest, a 53% decrease from the 2018-2019 season, when monarchs covered 15 acres (6 ha).

African hippos in South America—pests or replacements? When cocaine kingpin Pablo Escobar was shot dead, in 1993, four hippos he’d imported were left behind in a pond on his ranch. Since then, their numbers have grown to an estimated 80-100 and the animals have expanded into the country’s rivers. A new study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences challenges the view that these are invasive pests that should not run wild, pointing out that the hippos restore the ecological traits of native species that were exterminated thousands of years ago.

 

Europe

Wildlife in the Netherlands has halved in 30 years, mainly due to pollution by agricultural nitrogen. The World Wildlife Fund reported in February that birds, butterflies and some reptiles have all but disappeared in heathlands and agricultural areas. Yet areas where nitrogen compounds have been reduced showed a 24% growth in animal populations, with nuthatches, wood owls and marsh tits making the most successful comebacks. Affected areas can recover if farmers switch to more environmentally friendly practices.

Kai-Uwe Denker, past president of the Namibian Professional Hunting Association, told EU parliamentarians that habitat loss is the world’s biggest conservation challenge, and that sustainable, ethical conservation hunting contributes significantly to habitat protection. Denker’s presentation was in Brussels on February 20.

Fishing & hunting expos continue to draw crowds in Europe. The largest one, Germany’s Jagd & Hund, drew 82,000 nature lovers, hunters, anglers and working-dog and falconry aficionados. Jagen & Fischen, also in Germany, reported 37,600 visitors and Hohe Jagd & Fischerei, in Austria, attracted 44,000 people. The culinary sections of these exhibitions—with star-rated chefs demonstrating ways to prepare wild game and fish for the table—are increasingly well received.

Rewilding Scotland with wolves and lynx? For “Apocalypse Cow: How Meat Killed the Planet,” George Monbiot, a British environmental writer, shot a Scottish deer—a “gruesome, horrible experience”—and then, in an essay for Mountain Journal, he discussed the tradeoffs in favoring one wildlife species over another. Wolves and lynx were removed from the Scottish Highlands; deer numbers exploded and then grazed down native trees. At Glenfeshie, in the Cairngorms, deer are being culled, the trees are returning and the regenerating forests are full of birds and other wildlife. “Some of us have campaigned for years for the return of wolves and lynx to Scotland, having watched what happened in Yellowstone, but . . . in the meantime, what should be done?”

 

Africa

Elephant conservationist killed by elephants. Beyers Coetzee, 45, was herding a group of elephants that had broken out of a private reserve back to safety when two bulls “blindsided” him, according to this report on RovingReporters.co.za. The attack took place south of Vryheid, in South Africa, on February 18.

Zambian communities will receive the $1.06 million in hunting fees owed to those living in hunting areas. Zambia’s Minister for Tourism and Art, Hon. Ronald Chitotela, confirmed to six traditional chiefs that government will release the funds, ZMK19.8 million in Zambian currency. The CIC broke the news on Feb. 21.

Nature conservation is a growth industry for Africa. So says Fred Swaniker, founder of the African Leadership University, in an interview with Mongabay.com in February. ALU recently launched a School of Wildlife Conservation to help young Africans develop the skills and knowledge necessary to “own and drive” the conservation agenda on the continent.

Namibia has endorsed a campaign to promote conservation hunting. In a recent story in the country’s New Era newspaper, Information Minister Stanley Simataa pointed out that a hunting ban will damage the country and its conservation efforts. He listed benefits from hunting such as income, jobs, rural electrification and the upgrading of water infrastructure and schools, and noted that if hunting is banned, human-wildlife conflict will worsen as people “will not see the need to co-exist with wildlife.”

Lowland gorillas have been recorded on camera traps deep in Monte Alén National Park in central Equatorial Guinea—the first time that the animals have been caught on film in more than a decade. Local communities had reported gorilla sightings and the photographs confirm their existence despite heavy hunting pressure. Mongabay.com announced the discovery in late February.

West African lions show no preference for protected areas, indicates a Univ. of Michigan camera survey in a large area of five national parks and 14 hunting concessions in Burkina Faso and Niger. The conclusion comes from a 2019 research project described in the Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology. Researchers suspect that plentiful water and prey, good habitat and added patrols draw lions to hunting concessions whereas the nominally protected parks struggle with degraded habitat, poachers, inadequate staffing and displacement of wildlife by livestock.

African black rhino numbers are slowly increasing as conservation efforts counter poaching, according to the March 19 update of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The Southwestern Black Rhino subspecies, previously assessed as “vulnerable,” has seen sufficient population growth over the past three generations to be re-categorized as “near-threatened.” The other two subspecies, the Southeastern and Eastern, remain “critically endangered.” All three are on a slow path to recovery, but highly dependent on continuing conservation. [See also Birgit Kötting’s description of Namibia’s black rhino custodianship program in the April issue of Conservation Frontlines.]

South African Police Lt. Col. Leroy Bruwer was assassinated on his way to work on the morning of March 17. A News24 column describes the ambush by gunmen that killed Bruwer, the top investigator of the elite Hawks police unit and an expert in combating rhino poaching. His death leaves a vacuum of knowledge, institutional memory, skill, capacity and commitment.

 

Asia

A CITES notification about China’s wildlife trade clarifies the ruling by the Chinese government to ban trade in and consumption of wild animals. Per a Feb. 25 story in the Daily Maverick, “the illegal consumption and trade of wildlife will be ‘severely punished’ as will be hunting, trading or transporting wild animals for the purpose of consumption. The use of wild animals for non-edible purposes, including scientific research, medical use and display, will be subject to strict examination, approval and quarantine inspection.” This was spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, traced to a wildlife market in Wuhan. ICCS, the Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, provides this excellent overview, including what it might mean for poaching.

China’s wildlife trade is worth $74 billion annually and employs more than 14 million people. China must find alternative livelihoods for these people in a real-time case study of the complex trade-offs between ethics, conservation, economics and public health. A March 4 report in the South China Morning Post adds that “Since the coronavirus epidemic began, [China’s] National Forestry and Grassland Administration has confiscated 39,000 wild animals and ‘cleaned up’ more than 350,000 sites such as restaurants and markets where the animals are traded.”

Across China, nearly 20,000 “secretive” wildlife farms—raising peacocks, civet cats, porcupines, ostriches, wild geese and boar—have been shut down in the wake of COVID-19 and the country’s (temporary) ban of the wildlife trade. The National People’s Congress is now working on a deep regulatory overhaul of the Wildlife Protection Law, wrote Michael Standaert in The Guardian on Feb. 20.

Malaysia and Southeast Asia “at the heart of massive wildlife trade” says a March 1 article in the New Straits Times. Malaysia has become a hotbed for poaching and wildlife trafficking, creating (among other problems) a security risk for the country. According to TRAFFIC’s latest report, the investigation across 10 countries reveals “just a fraction of the true magnitude of illegal wildlife trade in the region.”

Some Indian wildlife get international protection. Three endangered species—the great Indian bustard, Bengal florican and Asian elephant—have been listed in the UN’s Appendix 1 at the 13th Conference of the Parties to the Conventional on Migratory Species, held in Gandhinagar. The story appeared in the Financial Express on Feb. 21.

Govt. offers “canned” shooting of nilgai, blackbuck and chinkara. On March 24, Pakistan Today reported that the Punjab Wildlife Dept. was advertising semi-domesticated animals “Guaranteed to be hand fed by us, in their cages and enclosures. Fattened to your heart’s desire and readied for the ‘slaughter.’ We assure you that these animals will not run away, even if you have fired numerous shots at them.” The “hunts” take place at the Lal Sohanra National Park—an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve—apparently because the animals cannot otherwise be removed.

 

Pacific

Australia’s devastating fire season has led to significant forest loss in tropical and subtropical parts of the east coast. One of the areas most affected is the border region straddling New South Wales and Queensland, which includes large sections of the Gondwana rainforests. Mongabay.com reports on early findings from Queensland’s Dept. of Environment and Science that the habitat of 648 threatened species has been damaged by fire.

Foveran, a well-known red-deer breeding farm and game park in the Hakataramea Valley of New Zealand’s South Island is for sale. A March 4 story on Voxy.co.nz says the facilities, on 2,645 hectares (6,536 acres) include deer crush and drafting areas, a surgical room and laboratory for embryo transplants, and a “trophy estate” producing many “world record trophies”—virtually all the stags produced are sold as trophies. [Ed. note: aka as genetically manipulated monsters.]

 

World

Even low levels of lead in the blood can lead to serious health problems, including kidney and cardiovascular disease. As the use of lead ammunition continues to be widespread, scientists say it is crucial that health officials get the message out to hunting communities. Read about facts and myths in “Lead in hunted meat: Who’s telling hunters and their families” in Environmental Health News. Even lead heavy bullets can fragment into tiny microparticles too small to see or feel when eating game meat.

Ending subsidies for environmental damage. Global subsidies for sustainable fisheries amount to $10 billion while those funding overfishing total $22 billion. Brazil’s government spent $158 million to curb deforestation, but it spent $14 billion supporting deforestation. Indonesia’s ratio is worse—$165 million vs. $27 billion. A Feb. 20 article in Anthropocene looks at the “silo effect” that allows governments to fund conservation programs while simultaneously subsidizing environmental damage. Identifying and ending such subsidies was agreed to by 193 nations in 2010 as part of the global Convention on Biological Diversity. Those countries also promised to tax pollutants, link subsidies to improved environmental practices and so on—yet these efforts are still “dwarfed by subsidies driving land use change and biodiversity loss.”

Big conservation projects that abuse indigenous peoples must end, argues Survival International—these peoples should be recognized as senior partners in the fight to protect the land they own and live on. “The tragic irony is that mass tourism, trophy hunting and ‘sustainable’ logging, mining or other resource extraction are often welcomed in areas where the original inhabitants have been evicted and forbidden from using the land themselves.”

“Sentiment analysis” shows we’re getting better at wildlife conservation. Using artificial intelligence to review more than 4,000 studies across four decades, researchers found that, generally speaking, we’re getting better and better at reintroducing species to the wild. In addition, machine learning could be used to identify the best techniques and solutions in conservation biology. In Patterns on March 19, co-author Lucas Joppa, Chief Environmental Officer at Microsoft, writes, “If we are going to maximize our conservation dollars, then we need to be able to quickly assess what works and what doesn’t.”

Horses, bison and reindeer can slow the loss of permafrost in the Arctic. Experiments near Chersky, in northeast Russia, indicate that the hooves of herds of grazing animals dramatically reduce the insulating effect of snow, thus intensifying the freezing of the soil and reducing the release of the enormous deposits of carbon locked in permafrost. A new study from the University of Hamburg explores this unconventional countermeasure to climate change.

Hunting bans hurt rural communities and conservation alike, academic researchers from Arizona and Maryland have determined: “Prohibitions against wildlife hunting often have impoverishing outcomes for rural households. Previous research has emphasized the financial losses and attributed material deprivation as the motivation for illegal wildlife hunting. However, this narrow focus does not capture the values rural communities ascribe to hunting nor consider the broader outcomes hunting bans have on multidimensional well-being.” The research paper is in the March issue of Biological Conservation.

Even small clearcuts can have big effects. A study in Brazil by researchers at the universities of São Paulo and Campinas shows that if just one-quarter of an Atlantic rainforest fragment of approximately 1 hectare (2.5 acres) is deforested, the local air temperature will increase by 1°C (1.8°F). Clear-cutting the entire fragment would increase the local temperature by as much as 4°C. Announced in March, the findings are in the journal PLOS ONE.

There’s a name for it: Nature Deficit Disorder. A new study in Frontiers in Psychology, led by a team at Mexico’s Sonora Institute of Technology, has shown that a disconnection to nature may contribute to the destruction of the planet, as the lack of a bond with the natural world is unlikely to result in desire to protect it. As younger generations will be the future custodians of the planet, researchers are studying how to promote sustainable behaviors and develop environmental care in children.

Large ecosystems can collapse significantly faster than expected. The new research, published in Nature Communications, suggest that ecosystems the size of the Amazon forests could collapse in only 49 years and the Caribbean coral reefs in just 15 years. British university scientists discovered that while larger ecosystems take longer to collapse, due to their sheer size, the rate at which the transformation occurs is significantly faster than the pace of change for smaller systems.

New Additions to the Conservation Frontlines Library April 2020

Author	Year	Title	Library Category
Angus Ian	2020	Blue Acceleration: Capitalism’s Growing Assault on the Oceans	Conservation & Wildlife Management
Avarett Sam (Modern Huntsman)	2019	My Old Man	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Baldus Rolf D	2018	Hunters Conserve Biodiversity	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Botha Lindie	2019	Sustainable use in the Greater Kruger: Publics, parliaments and lots of drama	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Carter Ivan	2020	More Wildlife In Healthier Ecosystems (2019 Report of the Ivan Carter Foundation)	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society
Cullingham Catherine	2020	How genetic testing is helping scientists save animals from disease and illegal hunting	Principles, Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Hunting; Assessment of Hunting Areas and Method, Wildlife Diseases
Cunningham Christine	2020	A happy hunter’s photo on social media doesn’t always show the entire picture	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Curtiz Gabriela (Mountain Journal)	2020	Letter From A Role Model—How To Save Wildlife And People	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Durant Sarah M et al.	2019	Bridging the divide between scientists and decision-makers: how behavioural ecologists can increase the conservation impact of their research?	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Evans Jackson (Modern Huntsman)	2019	Hunting and the animal embrace	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Feber R, Johnson P & D Macdonald	2019	Shooting pheasants for sport: What does the death of Cecil tell us?	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society
Fynn Richard & Kolawole Oluwatoyin	2020	Poaching and the problem with conservation in Africa	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Geltman Louis	2020	Stoke Is Exactly What Outdoor Conservation Needs	Conservation & Wildlife Management
Henschel Philipp et al.	2020	Census and distribution of large carnivores in the Tsavo national parks, a critical east African wildlife corridor	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Keim Brandon	2020	Identifying and ending subsidies for extinction	Conservation & Wildlife Management
Keith Balfourd (Modern Huntsman)	2019	Our chance to speak: the essential role of fair chase in modern hunting	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, History of Hunting; Hunting in Culture & Arts
Khan Muhammad Zafar et al.	2019	Predicting the potential impacts of trophy hunting on population structure of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in northern Pakistan	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Principles, Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Hunting; Assessment of Hunting Areas and Method, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Kiley Erin (Modern Huntsman)	2020	Saved by Soil	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Wild Foods, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Klinkhamer Ada J et al.	2019	Head to head: the case for fighting behaviour in Megaloceros giganteus using finite-element analysis	Biometric Assessment & Monitoring
Knox Jim	2020	Wildly Successful: The Wild Turkey	Conservation & Wildlife Management
Leboe Riley (Modern Huntsman)	2019	Heed the Call	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Lukiwski Jillian (Modern Huntsman)	2020	Eye of the beholder: Mysteries of the American sage steppe	Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Mahoney Shane (Modern Huntsman)	2020	Women, Hunting and Conservation	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Selected Hunting Stories Past & Present
Monbiot George (Mountain Journal)	2020	After Yellowstone, Dreams Of Rewilding Scotland With Wolves And Lynx?	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Mukhametkadyr Kyzy Shirin	2018	Snow Leopards’ Newest Allies: Tajik Women	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Naude Vincent Norman et al.	2020	Unsustainable anthropogenic mortality disrupts natal dispersal and promotes inbreeding in leopards	Evolutionary Consequences of Hunting
Nickas George (Mountain Journal)	2020	Baiting For Black Bears	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Page Byron (Modern Huntsman)	2020	When the last grouse calls: A Conservation Review	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Roe D, Booker F, Wilson-Holt O and R Cooney	2020	Diversifying local livelihoods while sustaining wildlife: Exploring incentives for community-based conservation	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife
Rosen Tanja (National Geographic)	2018	All Roars Lead to Conservation	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Rosen Tanja (National Geographic)	2018	Conservation in the Crosshairs	Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Santure Anna W & Garant Dany	2018	Wild GWAS – association mapping in natural populations	Principles, Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Hunting; Assessment of Hunting Areas and Method, Conservation & Wildlife Management
Sharp Tyler (Modern Huntsman)	2019	Chef’s Feature: Jesse Griffiths	Wild Foods
Shokirov Qobiljon & Backhaus  Norman	2020	Integrating hunter knowledge with community-based conservation in the Pamir Region of Tajikistan	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife
Shokirov Qobiljon (Presentation)	2019	Integrating hunter knowledge with community-based conservation in the. Pamir Region of Tajikistan.	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife, History of Hunting; Hunting in Culture & Arts
Stalmans M, Peel M & Gonçalves D	2018	Aerial wildlife count of the Parque Nacional da Gorongosa, Mozambique, October 2018	Conservation & Wildlife Management
Stead Sellers Frances (Washington Post)	2020	Hunting is ‘slowly dying off,’ and that has created a crisis for the nation’s many endangered species	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society
Strong M and J Silva	2020	Impacts of hunting prohibitions on multidimensional well-being	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife
Timbavati Private Nature Reserve	2018	What We Signed Up For: The Greater Kruger Hunting Protocol	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife
Timbavati Private Nature Reserve	2019	Timbavati supports tough measures taken against illegal and irresponsible hunters in Greater Kruger	Hunting in the 21st Century; Hunting Ethics and Fair Chase; Hunting in Society, Rural Communities, the Hereditary Custodians of Land and Wildlife